Layer 2 Review Issue #10
A Peek Into the State of Ethereum's Layer 2 Solutions | Layer 2 Review
Quick Reads and Hot Links Covering the People and Projects Who Are Scaling Ethereum
Dear Frens,
Happy New Year and welcome back to all things L2. 🎉 A lot has happened since the last issue, one of which is the Bitcoin ETF getting approved! This act has cleared the path for innovation, growth, and mass adoption.
Excitedly also, Ethereum's Layer 2 solutions are rapidly scaling the network, boasting over 36 active networks with almost $22B total value locked. Although while enhancing transaction speed and lowering fees, L2s face challenges like centralization and interoperability issues. Find out more in this issue’s editorial as we take a sneak peek into the current state of the Layer 2 ecosystem.
That said, recent headlines around networks like Gitcoin-backed Public Goods Network (PGN) winding down operations highlight the difficult economics protocols face. This Layer 2 solution on Ethereum is planning to wind down all operations within the next six months, targeting a complete shutdown by mid-2024. While this might look discouraging, it also shows the cycle of products, organizations and let’s face it — Life. We wish all buidlers and shippers the ability to weather the storm.
The L2 momentum is undeniable. Follow along with this issue as we dive into the newest developments propelling Layer 2 forward.
This is an official newsletter of Bankless Publishing, a BanklessDAO-affiliated project. Please subscribe and share to help us grow our audience as we fulfill our mission to build user-friendly crypto onramps.
[subscribe button]
[share button]
🗞️ Ecosystem Updates
🔥 Hot News
🌡️ LayerAI's ZK L2 Testnet Launch - The Future of Private, Scalable AI
The emergence of the bull is bringing about major moves in the world of privacy-preserving AI and data! 👀
Decentralized infrastructure networks (DePINs) are on the rise, and LayerAI has been developing an innovative solution tailored to AI and data needs.
In just a few weeks, LayerAI will be unveiling the testnet for their highly anticipated ZK-Rollup Layer 2 blockchain. This specialized network promises to enable the private, correct, and scalable execution of data-intensive applications.
By combining zero-knowledge proofs with Polygon's industry-leading CDK backend, LayerAI strikes the perfect balance between privacy and effective data management.
The launch of LayerAI's ZK Layer 2 testnet marks a massive milestone on the path to web3-powered AI. Check the tweet below to view the awesome awareness trailer and to get further information!
🏛 Governance
💬 Proposals in Discussion
Arbitrum
Optimism
Polygon
Starknet
CELO
A Peek Into the State of Ethereum's Layer 2 Solutions
Author: Kornekt
Image Credit: Tonytad
Layer 2 solutions have taken Ethereum by storm and are increasing in number and stability day by day. With the general goal of scaling, these L2s have taken unique paths to solving the issues currently associated with using Ethereum, paving the way for global adoption.
Layer 2s try to scale Ethereum in different ways — some are sidechains like Polygon, Optimistic Rollups like Arbtruim and Optimism, ZK-Rollups like Starknet, and state channels like the Raiden Network. According to L2beat, there are over 36 active Layer 2 networks with a total value locked of about $22B at the time of writing. More are still in the works, preparing for a super emergence into the scaling market.
How Well Have L2s Been Faring?
If you consider all the scaling efforts being put out by these L2s, one can't help but ponder how well things have been playing out. Sure, L2s have been doing amazingly well at increasing the number and speed of transaction processing. The drastically low fees we pay to enjoy this service are equally exhilarating.
While L2s seem to be the holy grail addressing Ethereum's shortcomings, they have not been without some drawbacks themselves — from centralization issues to interoperability, not to talk of how complex it is to understand the underlying technology.
Let's talk about some of these issues more specifically.
Centralization Again?
Starting with the big fish in the pond: centralization. One of the key principles behind blockchain technology is decentralization. That is the eradication of a single point of failure and other risks associated with depending on one or only a few systems for operation. At many L2s however, centralization is at the core of their operations.
For instance, sequencers (used to order and batch transactions on rollups before submitting them to the Ethereum mainchain) of rollups like Arbitrum and Optimism are operated by centralized entities — often the team behind the rollup. Side chains like Polygon are currently operated by only a few validator sets. Polygon currently operates a permissioned validator set, with only 100 active validators at a given time. Compare that with Ethereum's almost 900,000 active validators.
Besides all these, there is the issue of governance centralization due to the significant influence the foundational teams have over governance decisions.
These centralization issues create censorship risks, reduce security, increase downtime possibilities, and contradict the overall ethos of trustless, permissionless systems. Thinking of all these, you may be wondering, why would these L2s go the centralized route when it outrightly negates the ethos?
For many of these L2s, the idea of starting in a centralized fashion is due to the ease of operations. Centralized components can help initially bootstrap growth, offer initial security guarantees, and establish functionality while research continues on fully decentralized alternatives as they transition to progressive decentralization.
It is worthy of note that these Layer 2 projects are actively trying to address these centralization issues. This includes efforts towards decentralizing sequencer operations, increasing validator sets, and a detailed path like that of Optimism towards complete decentralization. How long it will take before they attain full decentralization and what that will mean for the Ethereum chain is what we have to wait to find out.
L2-L2 Interoperability
One other challenge currently facing L2s is the issue of interoperability. This is all about a seamless exchange of data and assets between the different Layer 2 solutions.
In an attempt to define L2 interoperability, a proposal at Ethereum Research puts it this way: "Layer 2 Solution A (L2S-A) and Layer 2 Solution B (L2S-B) are said to be interoperable if Alice, or one of her delegates, can transfer one or more fungible or non-fungible assets from L2S-A to Bob, or one of his delegates, on L2S-B without having to exit the asset(s) to the underlying blockchain(s) and in an, ideally censorship-resistant, manner such that neither Alice, nor Bob, nor one of their delegates can double-spend the asset(s) at any point before, during and after the asset transfer on either the participating L2Ss or the (permissionless) Blockchains used by either L2Ss.”
L2-L2 interaction is still a major challenge. This is a result of several technical hurdles associated with the development of secure and efficient mechanisms for cross-chain communication and data verification. Besides, the differing architecture of L2s and their rapid emergence makes it difficult to achieve standardized interoperability protocols. Without addressing interoperability, composability, which is another pressing issue, would still be a long way off.
Some of the solutions in use to tackle interoperability include the use of Bridges, which act as gateways enabling cross-rollup communication. Examples include the Orbiter Bridge and Hop Bridge. These bridges allow for the transfer of limited forms of assets between major Layer 2 networks. This is still far off from the broader interoperability idea. Further research is ongoing into developing standardized protocols for L2 interoperability.
The Future is Bright
While L2s have been doing a great job at increasing Ethereum's throughput, it's obvious that there's more to be done to make them achieve the purpose of scaling in a user-friendly manner without compromising core blockchain ethos.
It's exciting to see that these projects are continuously doubling down their efforts with defined roadmaps to address many of the pressing issues and build the decentralized future. We hope to see these efforts play out well on this path towards scaling Ethereum.
📈 Data
Total Value Locked on L2s surpasses $20 billion!
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3D8333cfd0-416f-47dd-9163-08901fdb170a%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
Top Ten Projects by Total Value Locked:
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3Ddac2e6af-d5de-42fc-994d-d3b230a9e02f%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
🔭 Project Watch
Arbitrum
Top Projects by TVL
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3Da9cc59f3-d245-469b-aeb6-4872b4418364%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
Source: DeFiLlama
Optimism
Top Projects by TVL
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3D57ba475d-86f4-4777-b204-436c505680ca%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
Source: DeFiLlama
zkSync
Top Projects by TVL
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3Dd72b28c9-7abd-41e3-a989-fe423df506f9%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
Source: DeFiLlama
Polygon zkEVM
Top Projects by TVL in the Last 7 Days
.png%3Ftable%3Dblock%26id%3D5a7c0ec7-dd9f-4023-8121-54ad8b18e8e4%26cache%3Dv2&w=3840&q=75)
Source: DeFiLlama
🔥 L2 Fees and Costs Update
Transaction Fees as of January 17, 2024:
